lto6 tape capacity. The sixth generation of LTO Ultrium tape media delivers 2. lto6 tape capacity

 
The sixth generation of LTO Ultrium tape media delivers 2lto6 tape capacity 25TB compressed capacity

5:1 compression; L5 and earlier compressed at 2:1 compression) Average rewind time (part of UNLOAD command, dependent on mount activity) 1 Cartridge initialization time can vary. The compression is part of the LTO standard, called SDLC, and is a variant of the LZS algorithm. Buffer Size: 512MB; Included Capacity: 6. And when they don’t it’s met with consternation and. HPE StoreEver LTO-6 Ultrium 6250 Tape Drive . HPE StoreEver LTO Ultrium Tape Drives provide up to 45 TB 1 of compressed capacity on a single cartridge. 25TB with a transfer rate of up to 400 megabytes per second. The IBM LTO Ultrium tape drives and the 3592 tape drives are high-performance, high-capacity data-storage units that can be installed in the TS3500 tape library. With the LTO 6 compression ratio of 2. Oracle's free open source StorageTek Linear Tape File System (LTFS), Open Edition software is claimed to be the first to store 8. Accessing LTFS tapes using the Finder or Terminal. The Fujifilm LTO Ultrium 6 Tape cartridge is produced with Barium Ferrite magnetic particles. It supports Oracle’s midrange StorageTek LTO 5 and LTO 6 tape drives from HP and IBM as well as Oracle’s StorageTek T10000C and T10000D tape drives. 4. When mounted by YoYotta LTFS the tape will also appear in the Finder (Finder, Go, Computer). Features of LTO-9. With a growth rate of 40%, this strong performance in shipments continues following the previous record-breaking 114 EB capacity shipped in 2019 and 105 EB of capacity shipped in 2020. That is 2. 25TB Native/Compressed Capacity LTO6 Data Cartridge Part # 00V7590. LTO backup cartridges also feature high data transfer. 5:1 Compression Factor, Rewritable Data Cartridge, IBM Spectrum Archive Support, 0. 2 -7% Number of Wraps # 208 280 +35% Track Density TPI 16,282 21,897 +35%Fujifilm LTO 5 Tapes / LTO Ultrium 5 Tape Data Cartridge. 5:1 compression). 25TB Quantum’s LTO Ultrium 6 tape media, uses Metal Particle tape technology, is manufactured to the highest industry standards for. Capable of data transfer rates up to 400 MB/sec, HP's exclusive Data Rate Matching further optimizes performance by matching host system speed to keep drives streaming, thus enabling the fastest tape performance. 3. 25 TB of compressed capacity for even greater efficiency and performance. Model. I've cross checked the DPMLogs and I'm not able. The report reveals 148. HPE StoreEver LTO Ultrium Tape Drives provide up to 45 TB 1 of compressed capacity on a single cartridge. HPE CVTL makes the MSL 1/8 Autoloader and the MSL2024 tape library easy to manage from any location, mitigating the need for remote office IT staff. Up to 160 MB/second data transfer rate. With the recent announcement of LTO generation 7, the data capacity has been increased to a 15TB compressed capacity and a raw capacity. 5tb lto6 tape!. Support for tape drive hardware encryption. 280MB/Second Data Transfer Rate (compressed) Compatible with Linear Tape File System (LTFS) 30 Years Estimated Archival Life. Uninitialized M8 media and preinitialized M8 media are both supported with a minimum LTO 8 tape drive firmware level of HB82 and a minimum library firmware level 1. Explore StoreEver MSL3040. Optimizing LTO Backup Performance. 10. In 2019, a record 114,079 PB of compressed LTO tape capacity shipped. 5 TB/Up to 6. 5TB / 6. Do the same with an LTO6 volume pool. The LTO Program, which includes representatives from IBM, HPE and Quantum Corp. Fast backup and restore performance –at speeds up to 400MB/s (1. The LTO Ultrium cartridge memory chip delivers faster access time and enhanced media monitoring. The LTO partitioning feature (starting with LTO. LTO-6 tape for backups will also benefi t from being able to use their cost-eff ective tape solution to meet government and industry requirements for unalterable archives of data. Tape continues to grow. IBM LTO-6 Tape Drive Storage TS2260 Tape Drive Express Half-Height SAS 6 Gbps 2. Native AES-256 bit key encryption enabled. Now I am planning for virtual machine image backups and bought agent for vmware, the. 25TB or up to 2,176 tracks). It succeeded the LTO-6 version, which launched in 2012. * The Universal Cleaning Cartridges are designed for use in all LTO Ultrium 1 through 9 drives. There are four generations of LTO tape: LTO-1 through LTO-4. The high-speed 8 Gb Fibre Channel interface further improves data movement, shortens backup windows, reduces downtime, and. The ThinkSystem Internal Half High LTO Generation 7 (LTO 7) SAS Tape Drive is a high-performance, high-capacity data-storage device that is designed to back up and restore open-systems applications. 5/6. Your Price: $40. 25TB with a transfer rate of up to 400 megabytes per second. 5:1 data compression Cartridge models LTO Ultrium 6 2. Using Driver 3. It succeeded the LTO-7 version, which launched in 2015. 25TB of compressed capacity. For this reason,. Media type, part number, and capacity; Media type Part number Native Capacity; LTO Ultrium 9: 18. I’m picking one up to offer a backup or archiving service to my freelance clients. 5TB native cartridge capacity reduces the number of. 44 MB). We list all d. 25TB Compressed Capacity HP LTO6 Data Cartridge Part# C7976A Exhaustively tested, HP LTO Ultrium cartridges meet all your demands for maximum reliability when restoring data, offering high storage density, ease of management and scalable storage and backup performance. The report showed 105,198 petabytes (PB) of total tape capacity (compressed) shipped in 2020, slightly short of 2019 (a. There is no BaFe LTO5 media, so once again you are using MP media in an LTO6 tape drive designed to use BaFe. HPE StoreOpen software and LTFS allows customers to store data in an open format making the tape self-describing and file-based. The new cartridge is manufactured with fine magnetic particles. Capacity - 2. Each tape cartridge can store up to 2. Long-term archiving and offline data protection are two key uses for LTO-9, the latest generation of tapes from the LTO Program. 5 TB (native) and up to 6. The LTO Ultrium 6 cartridge has a storage capacity of 2. 00024 in. 25TB LTO-6 Ultrium RW Data Cartridge from HPE is a re-writable tape offering high storage density, ease of management and scalable storage and. Worm Support: No. thanks. the Tape library and Tape drive is running the latest HP firmware. Also, with LTFS you are basically turning a tape into a disk which is super handy. The LTO Program Technology Provider Companies -- Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE),. Capacity of supported LTO. For example: With the LTO 5 compression ratio of 2:1, the capacity of the LTO 5 tape media is 2850 GB (1 GB = 1 × 10^9 bytes) or 2650. 25TB. Enables even the tightest backup window to be met with higher quality performance. A 70% increase in the number of tracks has increase the bit density, allowing more data to be recorded in the same amount of tape: from 1,280. LTO 7 drives read and write data on 3 584 tracks. 64 TiB). Show Specification. High capacity IBM LTO6 tape media designed for high reliability. 5:1 Compressed): 6. 5 TB/Up to 6. Unfortunately, a lot of people don’t look at the footnotes – or if they do, they plan, with wild optimism, to hit that 2:1 compression ratio every time. Quantum. Below are listed the LTO tapes compatibility table according to the drive that is used. A simple design allows you to manage up to nine total cartridges. Table 1. 44 TB/hour, storing, encrypting, and protecting up to 45 TB* on a single cartridge, making it ideal for large-scale, 24x7, mission-critical IT environments (*capacity assumes 2. Our Price: $145. 91 TiB) Also known as the LTO Ultrium 8 tape drive or the 3588 Model F8A: IBM. 2. The LTO code word is 9 bytes longer with two bytes more parity. Sony's LTO6 Tape cartridges feature a storage capacity of 2. Rooted in tape media manufacturing, we've specialized in data protection solutions for over 30 years. The guy was struggling with Quantum device showing only half capacity of tape mediums. These files can include multimedia, imaging, transaction processing, large databases, and other storage-intensive applications. In addition, they use less power than LTO-5 drives, making a “greener” and more energy efficient solution. Speed (Native): 160 MB/s. HPE LTO-9 Ultrium data cartridges can write or read data at a blistering native 1. 44 TB/hour, storing, encrypting, and protecting up to 45 TB* on a single cartridge, making it ideal for large-scale, 24x7, mission-critical IT environments (*capacity assumes 2. 5 TB. Quantum LTO Ultrium 4 Tape - MR-L4MQN-01. 5:1. Supports transfer speeds of 360 MB/s (native) and up to 900 MB/s (2. IBM LTO 6 Tapes - LTO Ultrium 6 Tape Data CartridgeCapacity - 2. HP LTO-6 Ultrium Tape Media Cartridge: 2. Tape drives require information about the tape cartridge being used. FujiFilm LTO Ultrium 6 Tape with Barium Ferrite (BaFe) Availability: $525. PowerVault LTO-5 and LTO-6 Drive Types and Basic Characteristics PowerVault LTO-5-140 (IBM) PowerVault LTO-6 Capacity (Native/ Compressed) 1500 GB/3000 GB 2500GB/6250 GB Native Speed 140 MB/s 160 MB/s Primary Media Ultrium-5 Ultrium-6 Physical Device Description • Seven segment. Linear serpentine recording half-inch cartridge. The future is bright in the LTO roadmap for tape storage capacity needs. 25TB tape. Capacity of 6 TB and up to 15 TB compressed capacity on HP StoreEver and non-HP LTO-7 devices. . LTO5/6/7 media and write to LTO6/7 media. The IBM Half-High LTO Generation 6 SAS Tape Drive is available as an internal device or an external device. 25 TB of data within one cartridge. The LTO Ultrium 6 cartridge has a storage capacity of 2. Available in other Styles, Configurations & Kits. LTO-9, which started shipping in late 2021, provides 45 TB of compressed capacity and 18 TB native on one tape. Magnetic-tape data storage is typically used for offline, archival data storage. 00V7590 Add to Cart. The LTO-6 HH tape drive is backward write-compatible through one generation and read-compatible two generations. . Compatibility | Investment protection with. Also with the utilization of multi-channel recording. 0 TB: LTO Ultrium 8 WORM: 01PL042: 12. High-capacity, high-reliability tape cartridge for LTO Ultrium Generation 6 storage environments; Provides 2. LTO Ultrium 6 Tape - LTO6 Tape Rewritable: Native Capacity: 2. Discover how LT0 Ultrium 8 can help you manage. 0 TB: LTO Ultrium 8: 01PL041: 12. 4 TB is above the native 2. 99. 4 TB/hour, storing, encrypting and protecting up to 2. The drive type is LTO FH. 5TB native. LTO Universal Cleaning Cartridge For use on all LTO Ultrium 9, LTO Ultrium 8, LTO Ultrium 7, LTO Ultrium 6, LTO Ultrium 5, LTO Ultrium 4, LTO Ultrium 3, LTO Ultrium 2 and most LTO Ultrium 1 drives*. But keep in mind, tape is usually always used with compression, which is why you'll see the compressed capacity in almost any storage reference. It was preceded by LTO-1 in 2000, LTO-2 in 2002 and LTO-3 in 2005, and succeeded by LTO-5 in 2010 and LTO-6 in 2012. 25TB. 5:1) per cartridge while providing ease of use with support for LTFS and AES 256-bit hardware data. 5:1 compression) and a maximum native data transfer rate of up to 160 Mbps (400 Mbps. 0 TB: 9 TB 12 TB: 18 TB: 36 TB: 72 TB Performance specifications for LTO tape drives. And when they don’t it’s met with consternation and. LTO-6 Data: Capacity (Native): 2. According to the LTO tape vendors, LTO-9 will offer up to 25 TB of native capacity and LTO-10 will offer 48 TB. The roadmap calls for LTO-10 to deliver “up to” 36 TB of native capacity, followed by LTO-11 with 72TB native capacity and LTO-12 with 144 TB of native capacity. Free Shipping on orders over $475. Quantum LTO 6 Tapes (MR-L6MQN-01)Capacity: 2. Desktop Thunderbolt LTO-6 Tape Drive certified by Apple & Intel. 5:1 compression). Compared with previous generation LTO-5 drives and cartridges, the new LTO-6 cartridges more than double capacity (with. Each HP LTO 6 cartridge features a native storage capacity of 2. 25TB (compressed 2. This increase provides a higher data transfer rate, resulting in a. Offers a maximum capacity of 417 PB with LTO 9 and 351 PB. 5 TB per 160 MBps. 5 TB. 00 Discount for Returning Core We pay for shipping!Key Features & Benefits · Up to 45 TB compressed capacity on LTO tape drives and libraries. The Fuji LTO6 tape cartridge or Fujifilm LTO Ultrium 6 Data Cartridge 71024 hold up to 2. 5:1 compression) and a maximum native data transfer rate of up to 160 Mbps (400 Mbps compressed). Technical specifications. 20 Tape Capacity; Designed for LTO Ultrium Tapes; Fits Tapes with Jewel Cases; See All Details. All tapes reported as half size in veeam. 25 TB assuming 2. LTFS enables LTO 6 tape drives to segment a Quantum LTO 6 tape into 2 partitions, These partitions can be independently accessed to help provide faster data access and improved data management. 9TB is 90. LTO-6 tape for backups will also benefi t from being able to use their cost-eff ective tape solution to meet government and industry requirements for unalterable archives of data. Unfortunately, a lot of people don’t look at the footnotes – or if they do, they plan, with wild optimism, to hit that 2:1 compression ratio every time. Capacity (2. Below are listed the LTO tapes compatibility table according to the drive that is used. 3 TB and are a little faster at 160MB/s. Table 1. Assumes average 4:1 data. 25TB 2. For example: With the LTO 5 compression ratio of 2:1, the capacity of the LTO 5 tape media is 2850 GB (1 GB = 1 × 10^9 bytes) or 2650. 800 GB (745. 3627. It operates on the data in a block fashion. Max Wet Bulb Temperature / Max Dew Point Temperature. Lowest entry price of any Dell tape automation offering half-height tape technology. 25TB MP RW Data Cartridge also features data encryption for enhanced data security on and covers six generations of capacity: LTO-1 (200GB), LTO-2 (400GB), LTO-3 (800GB), LTO-4 (1. Below are listed the LTO tapes compatibility table according to the drive that is used. More documents on all Dell PowerVault tapes and drives can be found on the LTO6 support page. The LTO6 tape cartridge or LTO Ultrium 6 data cartridge hold up to 2. With 4K, 6K and 8K well under way, the LTO-6 tape system has become out-dated, with a 6. From 2,176 tracks for LTO-6 to 8,960 tracks for 9th generation HPE LTO-9 Ultrium 45 TB cartridges (assuming 2. Review Hewlett Packard Enterprises null. 2 TB (LTO-5) and 6. 5. The current generation, LTO-6,. 25 TB Tape Media for LTO-6 Tape Drive from Dell™ is a high-performance, high-capacity tape storage device that is designed to back up, restore data, archive and retrieve files in an Open Systems environment. Enables even the tightest backup window to be met with higher quality performance. 20~80%RH (Short Term)/20~50%RH (Long Term) 20~80%RH. That is based upon what the drive is telling BE, so there may be some rounding involved, or conversion between advertised & engineering units of measurement, or other reasons the drive reports what it does. 2. Size of Data / Compression Factor / Tape Capacity = Number of tapes. IBM® LTO Ultrium 7 Data Cartridge is a 6 TB tape storage medium available as a rewritable or as non-erasable, non-rewritable WORM model. 65 mm Recording Technology : LTO-6 Ultrium Media Format : Re-writable Product Color : Purple Quantity Per. Compact and highly reliable, Dell LTO-6 tape cartridges are an ideal solution to high-volume backup and archiving requirements. The cost for a 1. One Ultrium 5 tape cartridge can store 3TB data (compressed) in 1,280 tracks. This gives you how many bytes are written to the tape. 3TB in Veeam. 25 TB with 2. . Tape was an important medium for primary data storage in early computers, typically using large open reels of 7-track, later 9-track tape. LTO6 tape capacity reduced only native showing. very small files do not make efficient use of tape capacity, especially when large tape block sizes are configured. LTO-6 was released in December 2012. LTO5/6/7 media and write to LTO6/7 media. High-capacity, high-reliability tape cartridge for LTO Ultrium Generation 6 storage environments; Provides 2. LTO-7 has data transfer rates up to 788 MBps. 25TB of compressed capacity. Encryption Support: Yes. 5TB/6. The sixth generation of LTO Ultrium tape media delivers 2. Fuji LTO Ultrium 6 Tape 20-Tape Library Pack of Fuji LTO 6 Tapes P/N 16310744. Whereas LTO-2 amnd LTO-3 doubled the capacity and speed of the previous generation, the recently released LTO-4 only increased speed by 50%. 25TB compressed) on a single cartridge. At this point we know enough to size the library. 3 x 10. LTO-5 tape is slated to be released later this year, with nearly double the capacity of its predecessor LTO-4. With LTFS, the actual usable capacity is greater when compression is used. High recording density is a crucial factor in tape capacity, and TDK draws on its long experience in tape manufacture technologies to create tapes with up to 800GB (2:1 compressed; 400GB native) capacity on a single cartridge to meet the needs of the most demanding applications. LTO-4 can read LTO-2 and LTO-3 cartridges, but only. 5% over 2021, and a strong result driven by continued hyperscaler and enterprise investment in LTO tape technology. LTO 6 Tape | Save on HP LTO tapes from IBM, Sony, Quantum and Fuji. These are the capacities listed for blank media on both drives. IBM Ultrium 6 – LTO6 – Gen6 - TS1060 – 3588-F6A Announced on October 3, GA on November 9th Half & Full Height Tape Drive FC & SAS Integration of IBM LTO 6 into IBM Tape Automation 2. Massive increase in capacity – 620% over the native capacity of LTO-6 (18 TB LTO-9 versus 2. com call for a price today at 866 801 2944 or visit their site at backupworks. LTO 6 tapes were designed during a change in material from Metal Particles (MP) to Barium Ferrite (BaFe). 25 TB (2. 5 TB/Up to 6. 5:1 compression. to the tape. LTO 6 continues to support partitioning functionality (like LTFS ) enabling capabilities that can help enhance file. HP StoreEver LTO-6 Ultrium 6250 Tape Drive - Specifications. Capacity - 2. To provide a more relevant experience to you, we use cookies to enable some website functionality. 2. That means vendors are now quoting a compressed capacity of 2. Purchasing LTO 8 data cartridges from IBM gives you peace of mind in sourcing media from a trusted, time-proven tape technology leader. 2. Linear serpentine recording half-inch cartridge. Covering eight generations of capacity - LTO. IBM Storage Archive™ helps simplify LTO 9 Tape. Sustained transfer rate, compressed (assumes 2:1 data compression for LTO-4 and 5; 2. 25 TB) Data Cartridge. LTO-6 Ultrium Drives are also WORM capable as. Data transfer rate may vary depending on host usage and interface utilization -- up to 700 MBps for 8 Gbps FC and up to 900 MBps for 12 Gbps SAS interface -- for full-high (FH) tape drives. Tape storage excels in cost-effectiveness in that its per-capacity price is low and that it hardly consumes power to save data. Worm Support: No. LTO Ultrium 7 6 TB non-erasable, non-rewritable WORM cartridge. Features and Benefits. 5TB in native or uncompressed capacity and up to 6. 3TB is 88. 5 TB. Capacity - 2. LTO 6 in 2012. What are the differences between full-height. Customized to your library or autoloader and your alpha-numeric sequence. LTO 6: 8 Gbps Fibre: 160 MB/s: 2. LTO-7 (Linear Tape-Open 7): LTO-7 is a tape format from the Linear Tape-Open ( LTO ) Consortium released in late 2015. We're committed to providing excellent quality. With projected capacities of about 1. 6. The latest in LTO ultrium Generation 6 available from BackupWorks. Buy Hewlett Packard Enterprises 6. 0 TB: LTO Ultrium 9 WORM: 18. Performance | Up to 400MB/sec compressed transfer rate. “LTO tape capacity shipments reached another record in 2022, outperforming alternative storage. 5:1 data compression rate, allowing up to 6. HPE StoreEver LTO-6 Ultrium 6250 Tape Drive . Reliable, High-capacity Tape Drive. 5 TB: 2. LTO-6 Data: Capacity (Native): 2. 4 terabytes per second, this HP tape C7976A can quickly read or write data for long-term storage more efficiently than a normal disk drive. 25TB MP WORM Custom Labeled Data Cartridge 20 Pack. LTFS, the actual usable capacity is greater when compression is used. Our Price: $29. 25TB Capacity, Read/Write Speed: 400 MB/s, Secure AES 256-Bit Encryption, 30 Year Archival Life. LTO-6 Tape Drives are SAS (serial attached SCSI) and have a capacity of 2. A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. The Dell PowerVault LTO-4, LTO-5 and LTO-6 tape drives utilize a secret 256-bit key for data encryption, which is performed in the tape device after hostThe TS3200 has a 48-tape cartridge capacity and contains up to two LTO Ultrium 7, 6, or 5 Full-High tape drives or up to four LTO Ultrium 7, 6, or 5 Half-High tape drives and scales to 720 TB compressed 2:5:1 (288 TB native). 4TB is above native capacity so compression must be working, but perhaps the data being protected is not that compressible. Specifications. Quantum LTO-6 Tape Cartridge 20 Pack in stockA record 114,079 petabytes tape capacity was shipped in 2019, according to the LTO consortium (as measured in compressed capacity). 3 Exabytes* (EB) of total tape capacity (compressed) shipped in 2022, an increase of 0. 3. Roadmap plans for LTO‐7 OMPRESSED are estimated to be up to 788 M/s, and LTO‐8 OMPRESSED up to. 5 TB/6. IBM LTO6 00V7590 in stock. 5:1 – so that LTO-6 there should in fact read 6,250 GB, not 5000 GB. 5TB, but compressed capacity is 6. Data capacity and recording formats . 5TB raw capacity. What's included: (2) LTO-6 Ultrium 6250 6Gb SAS tape drive, 24 slot tape library including remote management, removable magazines and bar code reader, rack-ready, encryption capable, RoHS2 Compliant. 20,000 Load/Unload Cycle. The high-speed FC interface further improves data movement, reduces downtime, and speeds recovery. It offers native storage capacity of 2. Tape media generally has a. 0 TB with 2:1 compression. Capacity (2. LTO-4 (Linear Tape-Open 4): LTO-4 is a tape format released by the Linear Tape-Open ( LTO ) Consortium in 2007. 25TB capacity ships Capacity has more than doubled and throughput's boosted by more than 40% By Lucas Mearian Senior Reporter,. 4x the capacity of the previous gen6 tape cartridge generation. LTO is an open-format storage medium that uses magnetic. If the test fails, discard the cartridge. About TDK LTO6. LTO-7 was released in 2015 and has a 15 TB tape capacity. Users simply select an initial confi guration that provides additional tape slots, preinstalled and ready to be activated by a simple software key. Hi, LTO6 has a capacity of 6. The Half-High LTO Generation 6 (LTO6) SAS Tape Drive is a high-performance, high-capacity data-storage device that is designed to back up and restore open-systems applications. The Quantum LTO Ultrium product line ranges from 200GB* to 6. According to the Consortium, LTO-6's capacity is 6. 80. 1 - HPE LTO Ultrium 7 Tape (C7977A) with capacity of 6TB native and up to 15TB compressed. LTO-9 and LTO-10 will offer transfer rates of 708 Mbps and 1,100 Mbps, respectively. LTO-9 will hit the market by early next year with a compressed capacity of 45 TB per tape. Additionally, LTO-7 tape drive technology increased the tape head channel count from 16 to 32. 44 MB). 1 x 5. Purchasing LTO 9 data cartridges from IBM gives you peace of mind in sourcing media from a trusted, time-proven tape technology leader. The LTO-8 Ultrium data cartridge stores up to 12TB in native or uncompressed capacity at speeds of up to 360MB/sec, and stores up to 30TB of compressed data at speeds up to 900MB/sec. 5TB native and up to 6. How data is read and written to an LTO tapeAs a result, the recording density is greatly increased, and tape capacity can be dramatically increased. 5 TB/Up to 6. 5% over 2021, and a strong result driven by continued hyperscaler and enterprise. 5 TB (2. . HP LTO-6 Ultrium Tape Data Cartridge - 20 Pack (C7976AN) Capacity 2. 25TB to an LTO-6 tape. 5TB / 6. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. The latest LTO tape format, LTO9, has the highest capacity at 18TB/cartridge (with a transfer rate of 400MB/s). 25 TB of compressed data capacity. 0 (and later) uses Open LTFS Format Specification v2. 25TB compressed but in BE 2014 it shows 2.